The Neodymium compound, Nd2Fe14B was first discovered in 1982 by General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals. Since they were first introduced, stronger grades of neodymium magnets have become commercially available as manufacturing techniques have become more advanced. The strongest grade currently available is the N55, although it is not yet widely used. More common are N42 and N52 grades.
Electromagnets which harness electric currents to produce magnetic fields can be many times stronger than permanent magnets, however, they need a significant electrical current to produce their magnetic field.
Neodymium magnets are so strong because of their high resistance to demagnetisation (coercivity) and their high levels of magnetic saturation allowing them to generate large magnetic fields. A magnet's strength is represented by its maximum energy product value (BHmax) which is measured in Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe). The maximum energy product is a product of remanence (Br) and coercivity (Hc) and represents the area under the graph of the second quadrant hysteresis loop.
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